前言:想要寫出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章嗎?我們特意為您整理了5篇八年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)試卷范文,相信會(huì)為您的寫作帶來(lái)幫助,發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的寫作思路和靈感。

II.單項(xiàng)選擇(共 15 分,每小題 1 分)從各題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)答案,并將其代表字母填在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。11. — Did you get w et when you were on vacation last weekend?—No, I didn’t. Because I took umbrella with me.A. a B. / C. an D. the12. Your sweater looks smart, where you it?A. do; buy B. did; buy C. are; buying D. will; buy13. — My favorite is Animal World. What about you?—I like The Voice of China.A. movie B. program C. sport D. subject14. My daughter feels to live in Qingdao because it’s a beautiful city.A. comfortable B. terribleC. worried D . tired15. —Where is Peter?—I’m not sure, he’s at home.A. may B. can C. may be D. maybe16. Which is , the sun, the moon or the earth(地球)?A. big B. bigger C. biggest D. the biggest17. —When did the plane Beijing?—Sorry, I don't know.A. get B. arrive in C. reached D. got18. Mrs Brown looks young. , he is over 70 years old.A. In fact B. In the end C. As long as D. Such as19. It’s necessary for us English well.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning20. The story made everyone happy.A. feel B. felt C. feeling D. feels21. Your ruler is longer than .A. I B. mine C. her D. him22. My best friend, Lin Tao, is more outgoing than me.A. very B. quite C. pretty D. much23. I want to take of the books. One is for myself, the other is for my sister.A. all B. each C. both D. none24. They went last winter.A. somewhere warm B. anywhere warmC. warm somewhere D. warm anywhere25. — does your brother watch TV?— Three times a week.A. How long B. How far C. How often D. How manyIII.補(bǔ)全對(duì)話(共 5 分,每小題 1 分)從方框內(nèi)所給句子中選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)木渥油瓿上旅鎸?duì)話,并將其代表字母填在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。A: Hi, Li Ming! Long time no see. Where did you go?B: Hi, Zhang Jun. 26________________A: Really? Did you have a good time there?B: Yes. I visited Tian'anmen Square, the Great Wall, Beihai Park and many other pl aces.A: Sounds great!27_______________B: My good friend.A: How did you go there?B: 28______________ I love taking trains. It's safe and cheap.A: 29______________B: For two weeks.A: 30______________B: You can have a try. Beijing is really a great place.A. Who did you go with?B. How long did you stay there?C. Take a train.D. I went to Beijing.E. By train.F. I hope I can go to Beijing, too.G. Did you go with your friend?IV. 完形填空(共 10 分,每小題 1 分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從各題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)答案,并將其代表字母填在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。If someone asks me “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will 31 him or her, “Of course, I do”. Because I think music is an important part in our 32 .Different people have different ideas 33 music. For me, I like rock music 34 it’s so exciting. And my favorite band, the “Foxy Ladies” is one of 35 rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate Ann loves dance music because she enjoys 36 . My 37 friend, Jane, likes jazz music. She thinks jazz is 38 cool.“I like dance music and rock music very much, they are amazing,” says my brother. But my siste r thinks rock music is boring. “I like 39 music,” she says. That’s 40 she likes country music, I think.31. A. speak B. say C. answer D. talk32. A. day B. way C. role D. life33. A. in B. with C. about D. over34. A. because B. before C. after D. how35. A. famous B. more famousC. most famous D. the most famous36. A. dance B. dancing C. danced D. to dance37. A. better B. best C. the better D. the best38. A. real B. true C. really D. quietly39. A. relaxing B. relax C. relaxed D. to relax40. A. why B. how C. when D. whereV. 閱讀理解(共 10 分,每小題 1 分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容, 從各題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)答案,并將代表答案的字母填在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。Passage AIn 3 minutes, so many policemen came to the front of Jack and caught him, "Please come with me to the police office." After the policemen found out the reason, they let them free. Why? Because the word "hijack" in the English has different meanings. If you want to know, you can look it up in the dictionary.41. Mary lived in .A. Canada B. London C. Toronto D. New York42. Mary couldn't go to Canada with Jack because .A she didn't want to go there again. B. she missed the planeC. her mother was badly ill. D. she was badly ill43. Why was it hard for Mary to find Jack at the airport? .A. Because Jack was in the plane.B. Because there were too many people.C. Because he was in the washroom.D. Because the policemen took him away from the airport.44. The word "hijack" means in Chinese.A.劫機(jī) B.嘿,杰克 C.救命啊 D.揩油45. Which of the following is WRONG? .A. Jack didn't go to Canada because of the policeman.B. Jack and Mary planned to go to Canada together.C. A lot of policemen came to the front of Jack because of Mary's shout.D. After Mary got to the airport, she had to go to the washroom.Passage BWhen my son, Mark, was in the third grade, he saved all his pocket money for over three months, he wanted to buy holiday presents. The third Saturday in December Mark said he made his list and had twenty dollars in his pocket.I would like to say “thank you” to that very kind woman, and tell her that four years later, Mark went house to house collecting blankets (毯子)and clothes for the homeless(無(wú)家可歸的)people in the fire. And I know that Mark will never forget to keep passing love on.46. When did the story happen? .A. On Christmas Day.B. Before Christmas Day.C. On New Year's Day.D. After New Year's Day.47. When they got to the supermarket, Mark went in .A. with the writerB. by himselfC. with the womanD. with his friends48. What happened to Mark in the supermarket? .A. His couldn’t find his gifts.B. He broke his basket.C. He lost his money.D. He lost his way.49. Why did the writer want to say “thank you” to the woman? .A. Because she bought Mark a nice present.B. Because she always paid money for others.C. Because she collected clothes for the homeless.D. Because she taught Mark to help people in need.50. What's the best title for this passage? .A. A big supermarketB. A kind womanC. A happy familyD. A wonderful giftVI. 短文填空 (共 10 分,每小題 1 分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,用方框中所給詞的正確形式填空,使短文完整、正確,并把答案寫在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置 (每個(gè)詞只能用一次)。know, they, little, like, before , in, animal, jump, make , hourMany animals do strange (奇怪的)things before an earthquake(地震).This news may be important. Earthquakes can 51 people die and knock down(擊倒) homes. The animals may help to save people’s lives.Some animals aren’t as usual(像往常一樣) 52 an earthquake. Dogs st arted to howl (嚎叫). Horses on farms ran a round in circles. Mice left 53 holes and ran away. Cows gave54 milk.55 a town in Italy, cats raced down the street in a group. That happened only a few 56 before an earthquake. In San Francisco, a man kept pet frogs. One day, the frogs(青蛙) 57 around more than ever. They made louder noise, 58 b ig frogs. That night, an earthquake happened in the city.People want59 when an earthquake is coming. Then they could get away safely. (安全地離開(kāi)) Now, there is no sure way to know ahead of time(提前).The best idea is to watch the 60 .VII.任務(wù)型閱讀 (共 30 分,每小題 2 分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容按要求完成任務(wù)。根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空,并把答案寫在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。Passage AI have three best friends at school. They are all good students.Jacky is the youngest of them. He was born in 1995. But he is very tall, about 1.70 meters! He is a sporty(愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)的) boy. He likes playing basketball. And he is really good at it. He is the centre(中鋒) in our basketball team. Jacky says he wants to be a basketball player when he grows up. Peter is the oldest. He is two years older than Jacky. But he is shorter than Jacky. He doesn’t spend much time on sports. He likes music. He is crazy(狂熱的)about Jay Chou’s songs. And he collects everything about Jay Chou. He says R&B is so cool. Of course, we often share music together. And Mary, a lovely girl. She always wears a smile(微笑)on her face. She is a top student in our class. She is good at all her lessons. If we have any problems with our lessons, we will go to her. It seems nothing is difficult to her!I am so lucky to have them as my friends. And we often have a good time together. Would you like to make friends with them?61. Jacky is two years than Peter.62. Peter was born in ______.63. If they have any problems with their English, they will ask ______ for help.64. Jacky wants to be when he grows up.65. Nothing seems to difficult to her!根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容完成文后的圖表,并把答案寫在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。Passage BHere is a result of the student activity survey at our school. Seventy percent of the students exercise three or four times a week. Ten percent of them exercise once or twice a week. Twenty percent exercise every day. As for homework, most students do homework every day. Some students do homework more than three times. No students do homework once or twice a week. The result for “watch TV” is interesting. Five percent watch TV two or three times a week. Fifteen percent watch TV three or four times a week. But eighty percent students always watch TV. They think it’s helpful for them to watch TV. They can be relaxed and learn much knowledge(知識(shí)) by watching TV.ExerciseHow many How often66 Three or four times a week10% Once or twice a week20% 6768 Most Every daySome 69No Once or twice a weekWatching TV 5% Two or three times a week15% Three or four times a week80% 70根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答短文后面的問(wèn)題,并把答案寫在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。Passage CWhat is "American food"? To m any people, American food means hamburgers, hot dogs, fried chicken and pizza. You might even think of apple pies or chocolate cookies. It's true thatAmericans eat these things. But are these the only kinds of things you can find in America? It’s hard to find a typical(典型的) "American" food like Thanksgiving turkey(感恩節(jié)火雞).The United States is a land of immigrants(移民).So Americans eat food a. many different countries. When people move b. America, they bring their cooking styles(方式)with them. So you can find almost every kind of food from other countries in America.Americans love Italian pizzas, Mexican tacos(墨西哥炸玉米) and Chinese egg rolls(蛋卷).But these foods in America don't taste quite like the original(原先的) ones!71. What is a typical "American" food?72. What do people from other countries bring to America?73.在文中a, b兩處橫線上填適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。74. Do the food from other countries taste quite like the original ones in America?75.文中these foods指代什么?VIII.書面表達(dá)(共10分) 根據(jù)要求完成作文,并把答案寫在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置People Like Reason Dislike Reason Don’t mind Can’t stand ReasonTom Animal World Interesting Soap opera Too longLucy Talk show Boring NewsI Game show Exciting ... …1. 請(qǐng)你根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容寫出不同的人對(duì)于各類節(jié)目的看法。2. 要求:字跡工整、層次分明、內(nèi)容全面,有適當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)揮。詞數(shù):70左右
參考答案VI. 51.make 52 .before 53.their 54.little/less 55. In56.hours 57.jumped 58.like 59.to know 60.animalsVII. 61.younger 62.1993 63.Mary 64.a basketball player 65.be74. No, they don’t. /No.75. Italian pizzas, Mexican tacos and Chinese egg rolls.VIII. 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
檔次 內(nèi)容 語(yǔ)言表達(dá) 邏輯結(jié)構(gòu) 文字量9~10分 內(nèi)容豐富,包括所要求的各個(gè)方面的信息。 表達(dá)清晰,字跡工整,基本沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法、詞匯等語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。 能使用常見(jiàn)的連接詞表示順序和邏輯關(guān)系。 60~70詞7~8分 內(nèi)容豐富,包括所要求的各個(gè)方面的信息。 表達(dá)基本清晰,字跡工整,語(yǔ)法、詞匯等語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤較少。 能使用常見(jiàn)的連接詞表示順序和邏輯關(guān)系。 60~70詞5~6分 內(nèi)容豐富,包括所要求的各個(gè)方面的信息中的大多數(shù)。 表達(dá)不十分清晰,語(yǔ)法、詞匯等語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤較多。 使用過(guò)常見(jiàn)的連接詞表示順序和邏輯關(guān)系。 40~50詞0~4分 內(nèi)容豐富,包括所要求的 各個(gè)方面信息中的一半以下。 語(yǔ)法、詞匯等語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤太多,影響對(duì)內(nèi)容的理解。信息未能傳達(dá)給讀者。 不能使用常見(jiàn)的連接詞表示順序和邏輯關(guān)系。 40詞以下注:在每個(gè)檔次中,單詞拼寫、字母大小寫或語(yǔ)法等錯(cuò)誤,每累計(jì)2處(含2處)扣1分,扣分總數(shù)不超過(guò)5分。
關(guān)鍵詞:中考英語(yǔ);試題分析;知識(shí)點(diǎn);價(jià)值觀;教學(xué)對(duì)策
中圖分類號(hào):G633.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1008-3561(2016)17-0093-01經(jīng)過(guò)初中三年的系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí),英語(yǔ)對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)是畢業(yè)和升學(xué)所要面對(duì)的重要考試科目。隨著新課改在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的推進(jìn)和鹽城市選用的牛津譯林版英語(yǔ)教材全新改版,2015年鹽城市中考英語(yǔ)作為諸多改革下的實(shí)踐,可謂意義重大。因此,有必要對(duì)改革后的嘗試、穩(wěn)中求新求變的2015年中考試題進(jìn)行深入分析,進(jìn)而對(duì)今后的教學(xué)方向和模式進(jìn)行有益的探討。這對(duì)今后的教學(xué)策略、學(xué)生的有效備考均會(huì)起到關(guān)鍵性的指導(dǎo)作用。
一、2015年鹽城市中考英語(yǔ)試題結(jié)構(gòu)及特點(diǎn)綜述
2015年鹽城市中考英語(yǔ)試題整套卷分為I(選擇題)及II(非選擇題及書面表達(dá)題)兩部分。卷面總分值為120分,每部分占60分。I部分由45道選擇題構(gòu)成,具體題型涉及各占15道的單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空及閱讀理解。II部分由40道非選擇題構(gòu)成,具體題型涉及任務(wù)型閱讀、詞匯及書面表達(dá)。對(duì)比2014年中考英語(yǔ)試題,雖然減掉了II部分中的翻譯句子,但題型和題量在120分鐘的時(shí)間內(nèi)還是較充足的。
由于處在改革的大背景下,2015年鹽城市中考英語(yǔ)試題整體要在穩(wěn)中求新求變,命題人不僅堅(jiān)持追求通過(guò)試卷幫助教育者科學(xué)、全面地檢測(cè)學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)水平,還注重試題創(chuàng)新,響應(yīng)改革。這種堅(jiān)守與創(chuàng)新的融合主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾點(diǎn)。首先,試題堅(jiān)持了教材為本,注重基礎(chǔ)。中考是學(xué)生們經(jīng)過(guò)三年系統(tǒng)的對(duì)教材的學(xué)習(xí)之后參加的終結(jié)性考試。因此,教材是中考試題的最重要來(lái)源。例如,試卷中占到20分的書面寫作部分的主題“Living a healthy life”就與七年級(jí)上冊(cè)教材中unit6的話題“Food and lifestyle”有很大的聯(lián)系。又如選擇題中第10題的題設(shè)就來(lái)自八年級(jí)上冊(cè)教材中unit5的主題“Wild animals”。不僅主題緊跟教材,考查的語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)也是嚴(yán)格遵循從教材中來(lái)。例如,單選第1題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來(lái)源于7年級(jí)下冊(cè)u(píng)nit7的Grammar部分、第3題考查的祈使句來(lái)源于八年級(jí)上冊(cè)u(píng)nit4的Grammar部分、第13題考查的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)源于7年級(jí)下冊(cè)u(píng)nit8的Grammar部分……其次,注重基本知識(shí)考查,以教材為本的教學(xué)應(yīng)使學(xué)生積累一些如英文諺語(yǔ)、基本語(yǔ)法、英國(guó)特色文化等基本知識(shí)。選擇題部分對(duì)諺語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)法、國(guó)外文化的集中考查就體現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。另外,試題結(jié)合地方特色,突出了當(dāng)下熱點(diǎn)。因?yàn)橹锌紝儆诘胤叫钥荚?,各地試題都或多或少地體現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)靥厣}城中考英語(yǔ)在選擇第5題就提到了鹽城市著名的鹽瀆公園,體現(xiàn)了地方特色。同時(shí),開(kāi)篇第1題就涉及當(dāng)下最熱門的少年偶像組合TFBOYS(加油男孩);第10題考查的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展對(duì)野生動(dòng)物生存空間的影響引申出了環(huán)境問(wèn)題;12題提到了熱門影視劇人物夏洛克?福爾摩斯,這些都緊貼當(dāng)下熱門話題,體現(xiàn)時(shí)代特色。最后,注重傳遞正能量和正確價(jià)值觀。試題特別注意了對(duì)學(xué)生的價(jià)值觀引導(dǎo),特別是完形填空里用老木匠的故事告訴學(xué)生態(tài)度決定結(jié)果,第二篇閱讀理解中老師拿來(lái)短繩幫助不會(huì)跳長(zhǎng)繩的Millie恢復(fù)自信的故事,都很好地體現(xiàn)了該試卷注重傳遞正能量和正確價(jià)值觀,重視對(duì)學(xué)生情感態(tài)度價(jià)值觀的培養(yǎng)。
二、相關(guān)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)對(duì)策探析
分析完2015年鹽城市中考英語(yǔ)試題,作為一線教育工作者更應(yīng)該從分析結(jié)果中探尋相應(yīng)的教學(xué)對(duì)策以適應(yīng)改革,提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量,給予學(xué)生有效的備考指導(dǎo)。首先,教師要認(rèn)真研究中考。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生備考的教師必須立足新課標(biāo)進(jìn)行考試研究,制定出有針對(duì)性的教學(xué)內(nèi)容。其次,核心基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要常抓常新。全新改版之后的教材中增加了更多的基礎(chǔ)詞匯、考點(diǎn),但中考試卷不可能涵蓋三年所學(xué)的所有知識(shí)點(diǎn),這就要求教師必須抓住所有知識(shí)點(diǎn)內(nèi)的核心即重要考點(diǎn),且必須常抓常新。第三,要拓寬學(xué)生的閱讀范圍。通過(guò)分析試卷可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在日常教學(xué)中僅要求學(xué)生閱讀教材是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,必須引導(dǎo)學(xué)生逐步拓寬閱讀渠道和閱讀題材,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生中、高層的閱讀能力。只有讓學(xué)生通過(guò)閱讀各類型、各題材的熱點(diǎn)文章,并幫助學(xué)生挖掘文章背后的邏輯與情感,才能使學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)在閱讀理解部分快速找到解題關(guān)鍵。另外,要督促學(xué)生多動(dòng)筆,讀寫同步,相互促進(jìn)。
三、結(jié)束語(yǔ)
通過(guò)整體的細(xì)致分析,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)2015年鹽城市中考英語(yǔ)試題遵循了新課標(biāo)提出的要求,考點(diǎn)傾向于學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)性及綜合性運(yùn)用,不僅使中考英語(yǔ)發(fā)揮了原本的選拔作用,更對(duì)今后的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)起到積極的導(dǎo)向作用。因此,一線教育工作者需要在今后的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程中注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言能力,遵循開(kāi)放性的命題特點(diǎn),人性化地開(kāi)展教學(xué)工作,帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生拓寬課外閱讀范圍并注重學(xué)生的情感體驗(yàn),從而達(dá)成情感態(tài)度價(jià)值觀方面的教學(xué)目標(biāo),使英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的持續(xù)性與實(shí)踐性得到有效貫徹。
參考文獻(xiàn):
水平。
一、背誦,使單選題“手到擒來(lái)”
在教學(xué)中,教師都會(huì)有同感:?jiǎn)卧~讓記了,課文也讓讀了,一考就錯(cuò)、面對(duì)試卷束手無(wú)策的現(xiàn)象比比皆是。而背誦可以巧妙解決這一難題。
如,We can bring our old clothes and shoes home.
A.into;from B.in;from C.in;at D.by
對(duì)于這個(gè)單選題,如果學(xué)生對(duì)于八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 1 Reading中的課文記憶牢固,那么,這個(gè)單選題也就無(wú)需多考慮,不用為什么而憑感覺(jué)就輕松搞定。
同樣,固定句型、固定短語(yǔ)等的牢記更有利于單詞填空和單選題的解決。如,We practice (play)volleyball every day.這個(gè)句子,只要背誦了短語(yǔ)practice doing something,這個(gè)單詞的適當(dāng)形式也不用分析,直接填出playing.
二、背誦,有助于書面表達(dá)“錦上添花”
書面表達(dá)是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重中之重,也是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的難點(diǎn)之一。學(xué)生不會(huì)寫、寫不出,單詞拼寫不正確,句式用法錯(cuò)誤,語(yǔ)法不準(zhǔn)確,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)散亂等弊端層出不窮。究其原因,學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)是大問(wèn)題,而基礎(chǔ)問(wèn)題源于記憶不到位、背誦能力差。
學(xué)生單詞不會(huì)寫、不會(huì)用,短語(yǔ)、句型結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)掌握等,可以運(yùn)用背誦的方法來(lái)解決。如一位學(xué)生的作文中,寫的是“十一”假期旅游計(jì)劃,通篇文章小作者使用了一個(gè)句式spend on doing,造成失分慘重。這一失分點(diǎn)主要是學(xué)生把spend的用法記混了,應(yīng)該記住spend后要么接on+名詞,要么接(in)doing。教學(xué)中,教師如果以講數(shù)學(xué)公式一樣教給學(xué)生spend+名詞、spend+(in)doing,學(xué)生記了又忘的情況會(huì)普遍存在。于是,才會(huì)出現(xiàn)通篇都用spend on doing的情況發(fā)生。而如果學(xué)生只要記住we spend our pocket money on the snacks,上文的錯(cuò)誤也許會(huì)避免。
自古就有“熟能成誦”之說(shuō),意思是說(shuō)得多了,自然也就記住了。那么,書面表達(dá)也是如此,如果多讀、多背,書面表達(dá)也不再是難事。初中書面表達(dá)多以教材的單元話題為中心,并稍有不同,但萬(wàn)變不離其宗,如果對(duì)教材的reading和Task的例文讀熟并背誦,寫作起來(lái)會(huì)得心應(yīng)手。
如,寫My best friend,開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山我的朋友是誰(shuí),誰(shuí)是我的朋友等,這在reading中都有完整的表達(dá),為我們的寫作提供了模板。再如,寫My ideal school,Task中的范文更為我們提供了寫作范例,從文章的謀篇布局,到有用句式的選擇性使用,都為學(xué)生寫作提供了規(guī)范的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)。因此,熟讀并背誦這些例文,尤其是有用的短語(yǔ)的記憶和背誦,都為書面表達(dá)保駕護(hù)航。
關(guān)鍵詞:過(guò)程寫作法;初中英語(yǔ);寫作教學(xué);有效性;寫作能力
中圖分類號(hào):G421;G633.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1008-3561(2016)16-0048-02
眾所周知,英語(yǔ)寫作是初中學(xué)生必須具備的一種基本技能,也是初中階段要求最高的一項(xiàng)重要的語(yǔ)言技能。英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)寫作的技能要求很明確:學(xué)生能根據(jù)寫作要求,收集、準(zhǔn)備素材;能獨(dú)立起草短文、短信等,并在教師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行修改;能使用常見(jiàn)的連接詞表示順序和邏輯關(guān)系;能簡(jiǎn)單描述人物或事件等;能根據(jù)所給圖示或表格寫出簡(jiǎn)單的段落或操作說(shuō)明。由此可見(jiàn),寫作教學(xué)在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中具有重要地位。但是,目前英語(yǔ)教學(xué)存在著不少問(wèn)題,寫作教學(xué)往往是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中最薄弱的環(huán)節(jié)。本文結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)踐,研究運(yùn)用過(guò)程寫作法增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的寫作能力,提高英語(yǔ)寫作有效性。
一、廈門市中考寫作情況分析
通過(guò)對(duì)近四年來(lái)廈門市中考進(jìn)行質(zhì)量分析,發(fā)現(xiàn):考生的短文寫作即緊扣意義主線進(jìn)行連貫的順暢的書面表達(dá)的能力較弱。比如,2012年,段落編寫、短文寫作、試卷的難度值分別為0.42、0.43、0.64;2013年,段落編寫、短文寫作、試卷的難度值分別為0.50、0.43、0.68;2014年,段落編寫、短文寫作、試卷的難度值分別為0.53、0.41、0.63;2015年,段落編寫、短文寫作、試卷的難度值分別為0.58、0.44、0.63??梢钥闯觯瑢懽鞯碾y度值(難度值=平均分÷滿分值)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于試卷的總難度值。如何提高英語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量,讓學(xué)生更快地提高寫作能力,是英語(yǔ)教師需要認(rèn)真研究的重要課題。
二、書面表達(dá)能力較弱的原因
在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),許多英語(yǔ)教師仍采取傳統(tǒng)的寫作教學(xué)法即結(jié)果寫作法。這種寫作教學(xué)流于形式,機(jī)械枯燥,大多是教師在講解范文的基礎(chǔ)上讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行模仿寫作,仿照范文的謀篇布局,選取類似的主題內(nèi)容,照搬范文的句型詞組等。而且許多教師讓學(xué)生課后完成,學(xué)生得不到教師的寫作指導(dǎo),容易產(chǎn)生畏難情緒,干脆應(yīng)付了事,從而導(dǎo)致寫作教學(xué)的低效性。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,接觸到過(guò)程寫作法(Process-writing Approach),發(fā)現(xiàn)它能很好地解決上述問(wèn)題。過(guò)程寫作法其實(shí)是一種“任務(wù)型”的寫作教學(xué),教師在課堂教學(xué)中圍繞寫作任務(wù)這一中心,設(shè)計(jì)一系列豐富多彩的活動(dòng),學(xué)生通過(guò)合作學(xué)習(xí)共同完成寫作任務(wù),并在寫作實(shí)踐中真正學(xué)會(huì)寫作。
三、過(guò)程寫作法在英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用
過(guò)程寫作法把寫作過(guò)程大致劃分為寫前準(zhǔn)備階段、起草階段和重寫階段。教師應(yīng)精心設(shè)計(jì)寫作課的過(guò)程教案,有針對(duì)性地實(shí)施“過(guò)程寫作法”的教學(xué)步驟。現(xiàn)在以Go For It八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit10為例,論述過(guò)程寫作法的具體步驟。
(1)寫前準(zhǔn)備階段(prewriting)。寫前準(zhǔn)備階段又稱為構(gòu)思階段,主要是確定預(yù)期讀者、寫作目的和寫作模式,采集信息和規(guī)劃寫作。首先,播放配樂(lè)視頻,展示幾個(gè)學(xué)生談?wù)揹ream job 以及如何為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想而進(jìn)行努力的畫面,形象具體地展示主題。其次,采用頭腦風(fēng)暴法開(kāi)展A memory challenge 游戲,讓學(xué)生說(shuō)出工作名稱和實(shí)現(xiàn)手段,呈現(xiàn)相應(yīng)詞語(yǔ)(an engineer、study science…)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)(I’m going to…)。最后,學(xué)生兩人一組進(jìn)行Pair work活動(dòng),并以小組為單位進(jìn)行competition,使每個(gè)學(xué)生都能大膽地開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ),為寫作創(chuàng)造條件。
(2)起草階段(drafting)。此階段是學(xué)生把口頭交流的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為筆頭敘述的過(guò)程,是進(jìn)一步整理思想、確定寫作內(nèi)容的過(guò)程,是寫作的主要階段。
1)小組討論(group’s discussion)。學(xué)生以My dream job為話題,四人小組進(jìn)行g(shù)roup work活動(dòng),根據(jù)提示句,如What are you going to be when you grow up、Where are you going to work,按照要求和作文題材進(jìn)行討論,列出提綱,之后小組匯報(bào),大家交流探討。學(xué)生能夠互相借鑒彼此寫作思路,對(duì)文章的整體框架有更明確的構(gòu)想,提高了英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)的有效性。
2)教師指導(dǎo)(teacher’s guiding)。教師及時(shí)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫作技巧,尋求更多的寫作材料。同時(shí),觀察學(xué)生的寫作活動(dòng),鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在寫初稿時(shí)不必過(guò)于顧及表達(dá)的外在形式,盡量使用不同的句式。如發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,及時(shí)進(jìn)行指導(dǎo),使學(xué)生的文章更為流利,行文更為自然。
3)初稿寫作(first drafting)。教師根據(jù)學(xué)生最終的討論結(jié)果,把寫作的思路用PPT展示出來(lái),以降低學(xué)生的寫作難度。學(xué)生利用教師所給材料和資源,根據(jù)自己的想法,結(jié)合別人的意見(jiàn)和建議,寫出初稿。
(3)重寫階段(revising or rewriting)。
1)給出中考英語(yǔ)寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),使學(xué)生在評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)有據(jù)可查。比如,第一檔(13分~15分),評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:覆蓋所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、豐富、流暢,富有個(gè)性;基本無(wú)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤;完全達(dá)到預(yù)期的寫作目的。第二檔(9分~12分),評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:雖漏掉一些內(nèi)容,但覆蓋所有主要內(nèi)容;語(yǔ)言表達(dá)基本準(zhǔn)確,連貫性和個(gè)性化較一般,存在少量詞匯、語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,但不影響理解;達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的。第三檔(5分~8分),評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào),詞匯知識(shí)有限,連貫性差,同時(shí)各種語(yǔ)言用法錯(cuò)誤較多,影響了對(duì)寫作內(nèi)容的理解;信息未能清楚地傳達(dá)給讀者。第四檔(1分~4分),評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào),詞匯知識(shí)有限,毫無(wú)連貫性,同時(shí)有很多語(yǔ)言用法錯(cuò)誤,影響了對(duì)寫作內(nèi)容的理解;信息未能傳達(dá)給讀者。
2)同學(xué)互相訂正。同學(xué)交換習(xí)作,并通過(guò)小組互改互評(píng)的方式訂正彼此的錯(cuò)誤。這樣,既活躍了課堂氣氛,培養(yǎng)了合作精神,又提高了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的積極性。
3)聽(tīng)取班級(jí)反饋。教師隨機(jī)抽樣批改部分作文初稿,學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)共性的典型錯(cuò)誤。同時(shí),選出中等水平習(xí)作,集體討論、修改,并將信息反饋給學(xué)生,使評(píng)價(jià)具有及時(shí)性、針對(duì)性和啟迪性。
4)聽(tīng)取教師反饋。評(píng)述學(xué)生的修改意見(jiàn),給出鼓勵(lì)性和建設(shè)性的評(píng)語(yǔ),展示范文,并對(duì)照評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)評(píng)。
5)學(xué)生謄寫定稿。學(xué)生根據(jù)同學(xué)及教師的意見(jiàn),再次修改作文,完成最終作品。優(yōu)秀作文可當(dāng)范文朗讀,供其他學(xué)生欣賞、學(xué)習(xí)、仿效。課后教師再把優(yōu)秀作文張貼在班級(jí)墻壁“我寫我秀”欄上,以示鼓勵(lì)。
四、結(jié)束語(yǔ)
在初中階段,英語(yǔ)寫作是學(xué)生必須具備的一種基本技能。因此,英語(yǔ)教師必須更新教育觀念,革新教學(xué)方式,注重研究有效的教學(xué)策略,提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫作能力。而通過(guò)對(duì)過(guò)程寫作教學(xué)的深入開(kāi)展,有效地強(qiáng)化了學(xué)生的寫作訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生的寫作水平有了不同程度的提升,基本掌握了寫作的技能與技巧。當(dāng)然,英語(yǔ)教師在具體的教學(xué)實(shí)踐中不斷思考探索、改進(jìn)創(chuàng)新,學(xué)習(xí)和探索英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)的新思路、新方法,才能使過(guò)程寫作教學(xué)發(fā)揮出最大的活力和生命力,也才能真正有效地提高英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)質(zhì)量,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的寫作能力。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]教育部.義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[S].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2011.
[2]何學(xué)芬.上好初中英語(yǔ)閱讀課的幾點(diǎn)建議[J].雅安職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2007(02).
[3]魯子問(wèn),王篤勤.新篇英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論[M].上海:華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2006.
[4]陳傳光.初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的課堂導(dǎo)入策略[J].山東師范大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2012(02).
[5]方亞君.初中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的反思與探新[J].寧波教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2010(03).
1、察課前,觀預(yù)習(xí)效率
新課程強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫等各方面的能力,而終身學(xué)習(xí)能力的發(fā)展又要求學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)策略的培養(yǎng)。讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)預(yù)習(xí)就是一種有效途徑,許多有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師非常重視學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)這一教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),教師首先會(huì)提出預(yù)習(xí)要求及內(nèi)容,學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)得好壞,直接影響著教學(xué)進(jìn)度和教學(xué)效果。預(yù)習(xí)得好的學(xué)生,他不只是膚淺的翻翻看看,而是做預(yù)習(xí)筆記,提出重難點(diǎn),上課時(shí)就會(huì)對(duì)老師的講解心領(lǐng)神會(huì),并積極思考和回答老師的問(wèn)題。沒(méi)能很好預(yù)習(xí)的學(xué)生,又是另一番狀況,他們只是被動(dòng)地聽(tīng)老師講,對(duì)重難點(diǎn)心中無(wú)數(shù),也就不容易回答老師的提問(wèn)。因此,教師就要隨時(shí)注意學(xué)生的預(yù)習(xí)反饋,對(duì)好好預(yù)習(xí)的學(xué)生給予肯定與表?yè)P(yáng);反之,就要及時(shí)指出他們的不足并耐心指導(dǎo)他們,使之獲得通過(guò)預(yù)習(xí)而取得的學(xué)習(xí)成就感。同時(shí),教師根據(jù)學(xué)生的預(yù)習(xí)可以及時(shí)調(diào)整教學(xué)方案,以期達(dá)到良好的教學(xué)效果。新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)上冊(cè)第二單元設(shè)置的游戲Introduce new words in your own ways讓學(xué)生利用原有知識(shí)和預(yù)習(xí)自己輸入本節(jié)課要求的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)即有關(guān)身體各部位的單詞,為下面任務(wù)的完成提供必要的語(yǔ)言支撐。而另一個(gè)任務(wù)Show students the pictures of YiJianlian, ask students to name as many parts of the body as they can, repeat each response and ask the class to repeat after me,前面的活動(dòng)建立在學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)和自學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上的,基礎(chǔ)較差的學(xué)生可能很難自學(xué)到位,看圖跟讀則給他們一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì),而那些基礎(chǔ)好的學(xué)生則可以在這時(shí)候鞏固自學(xué)過(guò)的單詞,體會(huì)了預(yù)習(xí)的成就感。
2、察課堂,觀學(xué)生反應(yīng)
課堂信息反饋是教學(xué)信息反饋中重要的一環(huán),教師對(duì)課堂信息反饋的敏銳度是影響課堂教學(xué)效果的關(guān)鍵。很多教師都有這種體會(huì),上同一內(nèi)容的課,常常是在第二個(gè)班級(jí)上課時(shí)格外輕松,覺(jué)得胸有成竹,許多知識(shí)點(diǎn)是信手拈來(lái),從容不迫,學(xué)生聽(tīng)得有滋有味,教學(xué)效果良好。這就是因?yàn)榻處熞迅鶕?jù)學(xué)生的信息反饋,已下意識(shí)地開(kāi)始了教學(xué)方法和內(nèi)容的調(diào)整。例如:有一次在講解look for 和find, listen to 與hear兩組詞的區(qū)別時(shí),正巧有一學(xué)生因丟了自行車而上課注意力不集中,我馬上把事先準(zhǔn)備好的有關(guān)資料作了臨時(shí)調(diào)整我對(duì)學(xué)生說(shuō)了這樣幾句話:I’m sorry to hear a piece of bad news. LinLin lost his bike yesterday. He had looked for it every where ,but he couldn’t find it . And now he is listening to me . But he may not hear me clearly because he is very upset.學(xué)生在很真實(shí)的氛圍中很快便掌握了。所以,在課堂上,老師要特別注意“察言觀色”,及時(shí)捕捉學(xué)生的反映。
2.1、如果學(xué)生聚精會(huì)神,聽(tīng)得津津有味,說(shuō)明學(xué)生聽(tīng)得十分入神,對(duì)老師的講解有豁然開(kāi)朗、興高采烈之感,就可知道學(xué)生聽(tīng)懂了。如果教師自己講得滔滔不絕,口干舌燥,而學(xué)生則表情茫然或神情迷惑,這就意味著學(xué)生未聽(tīng)懂教師的講解,這時(shí)教師就要及時(shí)調(diào)整教學(xué)方法。英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中組織討論,既能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫能力,又能活躍課堂氣氛,還能全面了解學(xué)生對(duì)某一問(wèn)題的理解及看法,教師可以從學(xué)生的討論中獲得各個(gè)層次的信息反饋,從而做總結(jié)性的講解。
2.2、“問(wèn)”即課堂提問(wèn)。提問(wèn)可以激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,促使學(xué)生積極思維,同時(shí)可從中了解學(xué)生對(duì)某些內(nèi)容掌握與否及掌握的程度,從而調(diào)整教學(xué)內(nèi)容。
2.3、“練”指課堂練習(xí)。課堂上適時(shí)地插入一些課堂練習(xí),以求鞏固知識(shí),做到對(duì)某些重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題的當(dāng)堂掌握;同時(shí)又可以從中發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,及時(shí)糾正學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤或根據(jù)情況對(duì)某些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充講解。Please call your friend and ask what’s the matter.這個(gè)電話何以檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)本節(jié)課詞匯和句型掌握情況。也是學(xué)生合作學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程。
教師在教學(xué)過(guò)程中要敏銳觀察學(xué)生,捕獲各種信息,并及時(shí)把握及處理這些信息,使自己的教學(xué)達(dá)到更為良好的效果。
3、察作業(yè),觀合理調(diào)整
作業(yè)是英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)必要的輔助手段,一方面,它可以使學(xué)生更好地消化和鞏固課堂上所學(xué)的知識(shí),另一方面,每個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)課堂上的知識(shí)掌握程度,都會(huì)在作業(yè)中直接反映出來(lái)。所以,教師通過(guò)作業(yè)批改可以看到學(xué)生完成作業(yè)情況及學(xué)習(xí)中存在的問(wèn)題,了解自己的教學(xué)效果和不足,從而及時(shí)完善教學(xué),以調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性;也使學(xué)生及時(shí)了 解作業(yè)的結(jié)果,看到自己的得失,明確努力方向。因此,在作業(yè)的批改中,對(duì)于難度較大、學(xué)生出錯(cuò)較多的題目,教師的批語(yǔ)應(yīng)多加鼓勵(lì),并且在講解時(shí)要具體詳細(xì),對(duì)課堂教學(xué)也必須做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。對(duì)于難度較小,作業(yè)中一般不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,批語(yǔ)應(yīng)該嚴(yán)肅懇切,并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生及時(shí)糾正。例如:教師可以在中下等水平的學(xué)生作業(yè)里用批語(yǔ)征求意見(jiàn):Do you think this unit is difficult for you?和Why?堅(jiān)持這樣做一段時(shí)間后,學(xué)生會(huì)主動(dòng)向教師反映上一個(gè)單元中還沒(méi)有弄清的教學(xué)內(nèi)容和在新課文預(yù)習(xí)過(guò)程中遇到的問(wèn)題。這樣就能做到因材施教、教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)。
所以說(shuō),批改作業(yè)是教師和學(xué)生之間無(wú)聲的“對(duì)話”,通過(guò)這種“對(duì)話”教師可以從中得到教與學(xué)的信息反饋,了解學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)內(nèi)容掌握的程度。若批改作業(yè)時(shí),只打?qū)μ?hào)與錯(cuò)號(hào),學(xué)生會(huì)只看對(duì)幾題、錯(cuò)幾題,不會(huì)留意錯(cuò)在哪里,更不去追究錯(cuò)的原因,也不能起到師生“對(duì)話”的作用。
4、察考試,觀掌握情況
考試,是檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的掌握程度,教師可以通過(guò)批改試卷得到考試信息反饋。在試卷反饋中,總結(jié)教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)及不足之處,從而找出學(xué)生考試成績(jī)好壞的原因,對(duì)癥下藥,及時(shí)采取有效措施,進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救。
5、察課外,觀整體效果
5.1、課后與學(xué)生輕松而隨和的交談,是教師獲取反饋信息的又一途徑。這樣,教師會(huì)獲得真正有價(jià)值的信息。當(dāng)你了解到學(xué)生覺(jué)得這節(jié)課特別有趣,學(xué)得既輕松又愉快,不知不覺(jué)就到下課時(shí)間了,那么,這節(jié)課學(xué)生的“學(xué)”與教師的“教”便可以說(shuō)已基本達(dá)到了協(xié)調(diào)一致,教學(xué)的效果自然會(huì)好。